A modern road car's steering wheel (Volvo S70) |
Steering
wheels are used in most modern land vehicles, including all
mass-production automobiles as well as light and heavy trucks. The
steering wheel is the part of the steering system that is manipulated by
the driver; the rest of the steering system responds to such driver
inputs. This can be through direct mechanical contact as in
recirculating ball or rack and pinion steering gears, without or with
the assistance of hydraulic power steering, HPS, or as in some modern
production cars with the assistance of computer controlled motors, known
as
Electric Power Steering. With the introduction of federal vehicle regulation in the United States in 1968, FMVSS 114 required the impairment of steering wheel rotation, to hinder motor vehicle theft; in most vehicles this is accomplished when the ignition key is removed from the ignition lock. See steering lock.
Steering wheels from different periods |
Electric Power Steering. With the introduction of federal vehicle regulation in the United States in 1968, FMVSS 114 required the impairment of steering wheel rotation, to hinder motor vehicle theft; in most vehicles this is accomplished when the ignition key is removed from the ignition lock. See steering lock.
History
The
first automobiles were steered with a tiller, but in 1894 Alfred
Vacheron took part in the Paris-Rouen race with a Panhard 4 hp model
which he had fitted with a steering wheel. That is believed to be one of
the earliest employments of the principle.
From
1898 the Panhard et Levassor cars were equipped as standard with
steering wheels. C S Rolls introduced the first car in Britain fitted
with a steering wheel when he imported a 6 hp Panhard from France in
1898. Arthur Constantin Krebs replaced the tiller with an inclined
steering wheel for the Panhard car he designed for the Paris-Amsterdam
race which ran 7–13 July 1898. In 1899 Packardused a steering wheel on
the second car they built.
In
1898, Thomas B. Jeffery and his son, Charles T. Jeffery, developed two
advanced experimental cars featuring a front-mounted engine, as well as a
steering wheel that was mounted on the left-hand side. However, the
early automaker adopted a more “conventional” rear-engine and
tiller-steering layout for its first mass-produced Ramblers in 1902. The
following year, the Rambler Model E was largely unchanged, except that
it came equipped with a tiller early in the year, but with a steering
wheel by the end of 1903. By 1904, all Ramblers featured steering
wheels. Within a decade, the steering wheel had entirely replaced the
tiller in automobiles. At the insistence of Thomas B. Jeffery, the
position of the driver was also moved to the left-hand side of the car
during the 1903 Rambler production. Most other car makers began offering
cars with left-hand drive in 1910.Soon after, most cars in the U.S.
convert to left hand drive.
Passenger cars
Steering
wheels for passenger automobiles are generally circular, and are
mounted to the steering column by a hub connected to the outer ring of
the steering wheel by one or more spokes (single spoke wheels being a
rather rare exception). Other types of vehicles may use the circular
design, a butterfly shape, or some other shape. In countries where cars
must drive on the left side of the road, the steering wheel is typically
on the right side of the car (right-hand drive or RHD); the converse
applies in countries where cars drive on the right side of the road
(left-hand drive or LHD).
In
addition to its use in steering, the steering wheel is the usual
location for a button to activate the car's horn. Modern automobiles may
have other controls, such as cruise control and audio system controls
built into the steering wheel to minimize the extent to which the driver
must take their hands off the wheel.
The
steering wheels were rigid and mounted on non-collapsible steering
columns. This arrangement increased the risk of impaling the driver in
case of a severe crash. The first collapsible steering column was
invented in 1934 but was never successful marketed. In 1968, United
States regulations (FMVSS Standard No. 204) were implemented concerning
the acceptable rearward movement of the steering wheel in case of crash.
Collapsible steering columns were required to meet that standard.
Power
steering gives the driver an easier means by which the steering of a
car can be accomplished. Modern power steering have almost universally
relied on a hydraulic system, although electrical systems are steadily
replacing this technology. Mechanical power steering systems (ex.
Studebaker, 1952) have been invented, but their weight and complexity
negate the benefits that they provide.
While
other methods of steering passenger cars have resulted from
experiments, for example the "wrist-twist instant steering" Mercury Park
Lanes controlled by two 5-inch (127 mm) rings, none have yet been
deployed as successfully as the conventional large steering wheel.
Other designs
The
steering wheel is centrally located on certain high-performance sports
cars, such as the McLaren F1, and in the majority of single-seat racing
cars.
As
a driver may have his hands on the steering wheel for hours at a time
these are designed with ergonomics in mind. However, the most important
concern is that the driver can effectively convey torque to the steering
system; this is especially important in vehicles without power steering
or in the rare event of a loss of steering assist. A typical design for
circular steering wheels is a steel or magnesium rim with a plastic or
rubberized grip molded over and around it. Some drivers purchase vinyl
or textile steering wheel covers to enhance grip or comfort, or simply
as decoration. Another device used to make steering easier is the brodie
knob.
A
similar device in aircraft is the yoke. Water vessels not steered from a
stern-mounted tiller are directed with the ship's wheel, which may have
inspired the concept of the steering wheel.
Early
Formula One cars used steering wheels taken directly from road cars.
They were normally made from wood (necessitating the use of driving
gloves), and in the absence of packaging constraints they tended to be
made as large a diameter as possible, to reduce the effort needed to
turn. As cars grew progressively lower and cockpits narrower throughout
the 1960s and 1970s, steering wheels became smaller, so as to fit into
the more compact space available.
Spokes in steering wheel
The number of spokes in the steering wheel has continuously changed. Most early cars had four-spoke steering wheels.
A
Banjo Steering Wheel was an option on many early automobiles. Banjo
Wheels predate power steering. The wire spokes were a buffer or absorber
between the driver's hands and the drum of the road. Most were 3 or 4
spokes made of four or five wires in each spoke, hence the name "Banjo".
Adjustable steering wheels
Tilt Wheel
The
original Tilt Wheel was developed by Edward James Lobdell in the early
1900s. The seven position Tilt Wheel was made available in several
General Motors products in 1963. Originally a luxury option on cars, the
tilt function helps to adjust the steering wheel by moving the wheel
through an arc in an up and down motion. Tilt Steering Wheels rely upon a
ratchet joint located in the steering column just below the steering
wheel. By disengaging the ratchet lock, the wheel can be adjusted upward
or downward while the steering column remains stationary below the
joint. Some designs place the pivot slightly forward along the column,
allowing for a fair amount of vertical movement of the steering wheel
with little actual tilt, while other designs place the pivot almost
inside the steering wheel, allowing adjustment of the angle of the
steering wheel with almost no change it its height.
Telescope Wheel
Developed
by General Motors Saginaw Steering Gear Division, the telescoping wheel
can be adjusted to an infinite number of positions in a 3-inch range.
The Tilt and Telescope steering wheel was introduced as an exclusive
option on Cadillac automobiles in 1965.
Adjustable Steering Column
In
contrast, an adjustable steering column allows steering wheel height to
be adjusted with only a small, useful change in tilt. Most of these
systems work with compression locks or electric motors instead of
ratchet mechanisms; the latter may be capable of moving to a memorized
position when a given driver uses the car, or of moving up and forward
for entry or exit.
Swing-away Steering Wheel
Introduced
on the 1961 Ford Thunderbird, and made available on other Ford products
throughout the 1960s, the Swing-away steering wheel allowed the
steering wheel to move nine inches to the right when the transmission
selector was in Park, so as to make driver exit and entry easier.
Usage
The
steering wheel should be used with strategic movements of the hand and
wrist in spinning motions. Caution and care should be used to ensure
safety of the extremities. The constant motions used must be performed
with caution. "Proper posture of the hand-arm system while using hand
tools is very important. As a rule the wrist should not be bent, but
must be kept straight to avoid overexertion of such tissues as tendons
and tendon sheaths and compression of nerves and blood vessels."
The
act of turning the steering wheel while the vehicle is stationary is
called dry steering. It is generally advised to avoid dry steering as it
puts strain on the steering mechanism and causes undue wear of the
tires.
A
modern Formula One car's steering wheel has buttons and knobs to
control various functions as well as gauges and other important items
normally found on a dashboard.
The
first button added to the steering wheel was a switch to activate the
car's electric horn. Traditionally located on the steering wheel hub or
center pad, the horn switch was sometimes placed on the spokes or
activated via a decorative horn ring which obviated the necessity to
move a hand away from the rim. A further development, the Rim Blow
steering wheel, integrated the horn switch into the steering wheel rim
itself.
When
speed control systems were introduced in the 1960s, some automakers
located the operating switches for this feature on the steering wheel.
In the 1990s, a proliferation of new buttons began to appear on
automobile steering wheels. Remote or alternate adjustments for the
audio system, the telephone and voice control, acoustic repetition of
the last navigation instruction, infotainment system, and on board
computer functions can be operated comfortably and safely using buttons
on the steering wheel. This ensures a high standard of additional safety
since the driver is able in this way to control and operate many
systems without even taking hands off the wheel or eyes off the road.
The scroll buttons can be used to set volume levels or page through menus.
Steering wheel audio control can use universal interfaces, wired or wirelessly.
The buttons can be adjusted manually for reach and height.
Gaming imitations
Video game controller#Steering wheel
Certain
game controllers available for arcade cabinets, personal computers and
console games are designed to look and feel like a steering wheel and
intended for use in racing games. The cheapest ones are just paddle
controllers with a larger wheel, but most today's examples employ force
feedback to simulate the tactile feedback a real driver feels from a
steering wheel. This contributes to steering "feel" and is one of the
hallmarks of a true "driver's car" or sports car.
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